Pods: A pod is the smallest and simplest unit in the Kubernetes object model, representing a single process running on a cluster. Pods contain one or more containers.
Services: Services provide a stable endpoint for pods, allowing them to be accessed by other pods or external clients. Services can also load balance traffic between multiple replicas of a pod.
Replication Controllers: Replication Controllers ensure that a specified number of replicas of a pod are running at any given time. If a pod goes down, a Replication Controller will create a new one to replace it.
Deployments: Deployments provide declarative updates for pods and Replication Controllers. With a Deployment, you can describe the desired state of your application and let Kubernetes handle the process of rolling out updates and rollbacks.
ConfigMaps: ConfigMaps allow you to separate your application's configuration from the container image, so that you can easily change the configuration without having to rebuild the image.
Secrets: Secrets are used to store sensitive information, such as passwords and API keys, in a Kubernetes cluster. Secrets are encrypted and can be accessed by pods through a volume or environment variables.
Ingress: Ingress allows external traffic to reach the services in a cluster by providing rules for routing incoming HTTP and HTTPS traffic.
Namespaces: Namespaces provide a way to divide a cluster into multiple virtual clusters, each with their own resources and access controls.
Volumes: Volumes allow persistent storage for pods and are independent of the pod's lifecycle.
StatefulSets: StatefulSets are used for stateful applications, such as databases, that require stable hostnames and persistent storage.
DaemonSets: DaemonSets ensure that a specified number of replicas of a pod are running on each node in a cluster.
Jobs: Jobs are used to run a specific task to completion, such as batch processing or data import.
CronJobs: CronJobs are used to schedule recurring tasks, such as running backups or sending reports.
Custom Resource Definitions (CRDs): CRDs enable Kubernetes administrators and users to create custom resources for their specific needs.
Role-based access control (RBAC): RBAC allows Kubernetes administrators to define fine-grained access control for the resources in a cluster.
Kubernetes Networking: Kubernetes provides an abstraction for networking called Services, to allow for communication between pods and external traffic.
Service Discovery: Service Discovery allows for pods to discover the IP addresses and ports of other pods and services in the cluster.
Load Balancing: Kubernetes Services can automatically load balance traffic across multiple replicas of a pod.
Autoscaling: Kubernetes can automatically scale the number of replicas of a pod based on the resource usage.
Horizontal Pod Autoscaling (HPA): HPA allows Kubernetes to automatically scale the number of replicas of a pod based on CPU or memory usage. It periodically checks the resource usage of pods and compares it to the configured target, and then adjusts the number of replicas as needed to maintain the desired level of resource usage.
Vertical Pod Autoscaling (VPA): VPA allows Kubernetes to automatically adjust the resource requests and limits of a pod based on its actual resource usage. It periodically checks the resource usage of pods and compares it to the configured resource requests and limits, and then adjusts them as needed to maintain the desired level of resource usage.
Cluster Autoscaler: Cluster Autoscaler allows Kubernetes to automatically scale the number of nodes in a cluster based on the resource usage. It periodically checks the resource usage of the nodes in a cluster and compares it to the configured target, and then adjusts the number of nodes as needed to maintain the desired level of resource usage.
Kubernetes Dashboard: The Kubernetes Dashboard is a web-based user interface that allows you to manage and monitor your Kubernetes cluster. It provides an overview of the resources in the cluster, as well as the ability to create, update, and delete resources.
Prometheus and Grafana for monitoring: Prometheus is a monitoring system that is commonly used with Kubernetes to collect metrics and alerting. Grafana is a visualization tool that can be used to display the metrics collected by Prometheus in a user-friendly way. Together, Prometheus and Grafana can be used to monitor the resources and performance of a Kubernetes cluster.
Kubernetes Federation for multi-cluster management: Kubernetes Federation allows you to manage multiple Kubernetes clusters as a single, unified resource. It provides a unified API for managing resources across multiple clusters, and allows you to easily deploy and manage applications that span multiple clusters. This feature is useful for organizations that need to manage multiple clusters across different cloud providers or geographical locations.